The Universal Service fee (USF) funds a variety of useful programs for rural and low-income telecommunications, paid for by fees assessed on telecom companies, which the companies then pass through to telephone users. The USF “Contribution Factor”, which is the percentage of interstate end-user revenue that telecom companies must pay, changes quarterly depending on the needs of the programs, as determined by the Universal Service Administrator's quarterly filings with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In the 2nd quarter of 2000 the Universal Service Fee was 5.7%, but has since grown to 11.3% (in the 2nd quarter of 2008).